The Harappan Civilisation was not a combination of recently immigrated Central Asians, Iranians or Mesopotamians which imported civilizational knowledge, but instead was a distinct group which kizazi diverged long before the advent of HC. Furthermore, due to the suggested maumbile distinctness of the HC, it seems unlikely that language in that geographical region was imported by an Indo-European group as is often theorised. Lastly, the study demonstrates that the DNA of HC inhabitants had little contribution from Central and West Asians but did have a contribution to modern South Asian genetics.
Ustaarabu wa Harappan (HC), ambao zamani ulijulikana kama Ustaarabu wa Bonde la Indus, ni moja wapo ya kwanza ustaarabu to independently arise. HC became “mature” at around 2600BCE; having meticulously planned towns with complex drainage systems, and wide scale standardisation of weights and measures. The civilisation was by far the biggest in its era, with HC including most of northwest South Asia. The maumbile analysis conducted of an ancient woman called “Rakhigarhi woman” (named after the modern town in India in which her remains were found), estimated to have lived between 2300 and 2800BCE in an HC town, sheds light on the ancestors and possible descendants of the individuals who lived in HC.
DNA ya mwanamke huyu wa kale ya mitochondrial pia ilipangwa. Mitochondrial kikundi cha haplo (this indicates a common ancestor on a genetic lineage) was U2b2, which is not a haplogroup found in ancient mitochondrial genomes of Central Asians suggesting that this women was native to the HC region and was not kizazi a migrant from Central Asia. Furthermore, this haplogroup is found almost exclusively in modern South Asia suggesting that modern South Asians may descend either from the individuals who were part of HC or may share similar ancestral lineage to them.
The Rakhigarhi woman’s DNA was also significantly different from DNA ya kale found in Turkmenistan (Bronze Age Gonur) and Iran (Shahr-i-Sokhta) from around the same time period, but surprisingly it has differences with DNA of modern South Asians suggesting that modern South Asians may have descended from similar lineages that the HC descended from or that the genetics of South Asians may have evolved since the HC.
The ancient woman’s DNA is uniquely diverged. HC ancestry is believed to have 13% DNA which is diverged from common ancestry with the South-East Asian hunter-gatherers (Andamanese) and farmers (Dai) perhaps 15 to 20 thousand years ago; the rest 87% is diverged from common ancestry with Iranian hunter-gatherers, herders and farmers perhaps 10 to 15 thousand years ago. This suggests that the HC was not a combination of recently immigrated Central Asians, Iranians or Mesopotamians which imported civilizational knowledge, but instead was a distinct group which kizazi diverged long before the advent of HC. Furthermore, due to the suggested maumbile distinctness of the HC, it seems unlikely that language in that geographical region was imported by an Indo-European group as is often theorised. Lastly, the study demonstrates that the DNA of HC inhabitants had little contribution from Central and West Asians but did have a contribution to modern South Asian genetics.
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chanzo:
Shinde V., Narasimhan V., et al 2019. Genome ya Kale ya Harappan Haina Uzazi kutoka kwa Wafugaji wa Nyika au Wakulima wa Irani. Kiini. Juzuu 179, Toleo la 3, P729-735.E10, Oktoba 17, 2019. Limechapishwa: Septemba 05, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.048
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