Scientists have used an algorithm to plot huge data collected from 1.5 million people to define four distinct utu aina
Greek physician Hippocrates had said that there are four bodily humours shaped tabia ya mwanadamu which then has resulted in four basic aina za utu in humans. There haven’t been considerable scientific data to support his theory and thus it has been rejected from time to time. The concept of utu in psychology has largely remained controversial. Many studies have been performed on smaller groups and thus the results generated haven’t been universally accepted as they are difficult to replicate. There has been no scientific data till date to support the concept of personality types.
This notion can finally change as a new study published in Nature Binadamu behaviour has shown that there are four unique clusters of personality types in binadamu thereby declaring that Hippocrates’ theory was indeed scientifically true. Researchers from Northwestern University have used a massive number of 1.5 million participants in their study to develop a data set. They collected information from four questionnaires for its 1.5 million respondents and combined data retrieved from John Johnson’s IPIP-NEO, the myPersonality project and the BBC Big Personality Test datasets. These questionnaires had between 44 to 300 questions and have been comprehensively designed by researchers over years. People voluntarily take these internet quizzes in order to receive feedback on their personality and all this useful data is now available to researchers worldwide for their own investigation and analyses. Only because of the power of internet that it is possible to collect such data easily and all information can be logged. Earlier questionaries’ had to be physically distributed and collected, which required huge manpower and was geographically limited. The most powerful aspect of the current study is the utilization of already available data.
Wakati watafiti walijaribu kutatua data kwa kutumia algoriti za jadi za nguzo, walipata matokeo yasiyo sahihi ambayo yalipendekeza kwa uwazi aina 16 za watu. Kwa hiyo, waliamua kubadili mkakati wao. Kwanza walitumia algoriti za kawaida za kuunganisha kutafuta data inayopatikana lakini waliweka vikwazo zaidi. Walipanga kwenye grafu ya roboduara kuhusu jinsi seti ya data ilivyodhihirisha sifa tano zinazokubalika zaidi za utu: nia, upotovu, uwazi, kukubalika na mwangalifu. Sifa hizi zinazoitwa 'Tano Kubwa' zinakubaliwa kama nyanja zinazotegemeka na zinazoweza kuigwa za utu wa binadamu. Kuangalia njama, watafiti waliona aina nne kuu za utu kulingana na kambi yao ya juu. Waliendelea na kuthibitisha usahihi wa vikundi vipya kupitia kwa wavulana matineja - wanaochukuliwa kuwa wapuuzi na wenye ubinafsi - na kwa hakika ndio kundi kubwa zaidi la 'watu wanaojifikiria wenyewe' katika demografia tofauti.
The makundi manne tofauti hufafanuliwa kama watu waliotengwa, watu wa kuigwa, wastani na wanaojitegemea.
a) Watu waliohifadhiwa haziko wazi lakini ziko imara kihisia. Wao ni wa ndani na wanakubalika zaidi na waangalifu. Sifa hii ndiyo isiyoegemea upande wowote bila kujali umri, jinsia au demografia.
b) Mifano ya kuigwa ingawa zina sifa duni za kiakili lakini ziko juu katika zingine na zina sifa za uongozi. Ni nzuri, wazi na zinazobadilika kwa mawazo mapya na wakati mwingi zinategemewa. Wanawake walionekana zaidi katika kundi hili. Na kwa sababu za wazi watu wenye umri wa zaidi ya miaka 40 kwa sababu uwezekano wa kuwa mfano wa kuigwa huongezeka kadri umri unavyoongezeka. Waandishi wanasema kuwa kuwa karibu na watu wa kuigwa zaidi kunaweza kurahisisha maisha.
c) watu wa wastani ni extrovert sana na neurotic na hii ni aina ya kawaida. Watu hawa huwa na wastani wa alama katika sifa zote na katika kundi hili, kuna wanawake kidogo zaidi kuliko wanaume. Kulingana na waandishi huyu atakuwa mtu wa 'kawaida'.
d) Watu wa kujitegemea kama neno linavyopendekeza ni wazi sana lakini zisizo wazi. Pia si watu wanaokubalika au wenye bidii au wachapakazi. Inatarajiwa kuna vijana zaidi katika kundi hili hasa wavulana. Na hakuna wanawake zaidi ya miaka 60 walio katika kundi hili.
Aina ya utu 'wastani' inaweza kuchukuliwa kuwa 'bora' au 'salama zaidi'.
Inagunduliwa pia kwamba watu wanavyokua, yaani kutoka ujana hadi utu uzima wa marehemu, aina za utu mara nyingi huhama au kubadilika kutoka aina moja hadi nyingine. Mfano watu walio chini ya umri wa miaka 20 kwa ujumla wana neurotic zaidi na hawakubaliki ikilinganishwa na watu wazima wazee. Tafiti kama hizi zinazofanywa kwa kiwango kikubwa huonyesha matokeo bora zaidi lakini jinsi tabia hizi zinavyobadilika kulingana na umri zinahitaji kuchunguzwa zaidi. Mbinu iliyopitishwa inatambulishwa kuwa thabiti kabisa na wataalam. Utafiti kama huo sio tu wa kuvutia lakini unaweza kuwa wa manufaa kwa kuajiri wafanyakazi kutafuta watu wanaofaa ambao wanaweza kufaa kwa kazi fulani au shirika. Inaweza kuwa zana muhimu kwa watoa huduma za afya ya akili kuweza kutathmini aina za utu ambazo zina sifa mbovu. Pia inaweza kutumika kwa huduma ya kuchumbiana kukutana na mshirika anayelingana anayefaa au kinyume kabisa hata kama inavyoaminika kuwa 'vinyume vinavutia'.
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{Unaweza kusoma karatasi asili ya utafiti kwa kubofya kiungo cha DOI kilichotolewa hapa chini katika orodha ya (vyanzo) vilivyotajwa}
Chanzo (s)
Gerlach M et al 2018. Mbinu thabiti inayoendeshwa na data hubainisha aina nne za watu katika seti nne kubwa za data. Hali ya Tabia ya Binadamu. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0419-z
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